Blog Detail

• 17-07-2021
• 03:06:06 PM

1) What is Java?

Java is the high-level, object-oriented, robust, secure programming language, platform-independent, high performance, Multithreaded, and portable programming language. It was developed by James Gosling in June 1991. It can also be known as the platform as it provides its own JRE and API.

2) What are the differences between C++ and Java?

The differences between C++ and Java are given in the following table.

3) List the features of Java Programming language.

There are the following features in Java Programming Language.

• Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier to write the program in it.

• Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to maintain our code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates both data and behavior.

• Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the Java program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode (.class) which can be easily run on every machine.

• Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform to be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java doesn't depend upon the operating system to be executed.

• Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides the concept of ByteCode and Exception handling which makes it more secured.

• Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory management. The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling, etc. make it more robust.

• Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32 bit or 64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.

• Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for the program execution.

• High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++).

• Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.

• Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.

• Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C and C++.

4) What do you understand by Java virtual machine?

Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program. JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the Java code. JVM is the specification which must be implemented in the computer system. The Java code is compiled by JVM to be a Bytecode which is machine independent and close to the native code.

5) What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?

JVM

JVM is an acronym for Java Virtual Machine; it is an abstract machine which provides the runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed. It is a specification which specifies the working of Java Virtual Machine. Its implementation has been provided by Oracle and other companies. Its implementation is known as JRE.

JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms (so JVM is platform dependent). It is a runtime instance which is created when we run the Java class. There are three notions of the JVM: specification, implementation, and instance.

JRE

JRE stands for Java Runtime Environment. It is the implementation of JVM. The Java Runtime Environment is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.

JDK

JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. It is a software development environment which is used to develop Java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development tools. JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by Oracle Corporation:

• Standard Edition Java Platform
• Enterprise Edition Java Platform
• Micro Edition Java Platform

6) How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?

Many types:

1. Class(Method) Area: Class Area stores per-class structures such as the runtime constant pool, field, method data, and the code for methods.
2. Heap: It is the runtime data area in which the memory is allocated to the objects
3. Stack: Java Stack stores frames. It holds local variables and partial results, and plays a part in method invocation and return. Each thread has a private JVM stack, created at the same time as the thread. A new frame is created each time a method is invoked. A frame is destroyed when its method invocation completes.
4. Program Counter Register: PC (program counter) register contains the address of the Java virtual machine instruction currently being executed.
5. Native Method Stack: It contains all the native methods used in the application.

7) What is JIT compiler?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction set of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

8) What is the platform?

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a piece of software is executed. There are two types of platforms, software-based and hardware-based. Java provides the software-based platform.

9) What are the main differences between the Java platform and other platforms?

There are the following differences between the Java platform and other platforms.

• Java is the software-based platform whereas other platforms may be the hardware platforms or software-based platforms.
• Java is executed on the top of other hardware platforms whereas other platforms can only have the hardware components.

10) What gives Java its 'write once and run anywhere' nature?

The bytecode. Java compiler converts the Java programs into the class file (Byte Code) which is the intermediate language between source code and machine code. This bytecode is not platform specific and can be executed on any computer.

11) What is classloader?

Classloader is a subsystem of JVM which is used to load class files. Whenever we run the java program, it is loaded first by the classloader. There are three built-in classloaders in Java.

1. Bootstrap ClassLoader: This is the first classloader which is the superclass of Extension classloader. It loads the rt.jar file which contains all class files of Java Standard Edition like java.lang package classes, java.net package classes, java.util package classes, java.io package classes, java.sql package classes, etc.
2. Extension ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Bootstrap and parent classloader of System classloader. It loads the jar files located inside $JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext directory.
3. System/Application ClassLoader: This is the child classloader of Extension classloader. It loads the class files from the classpath. By default, the classpath is set to the current directory. You can change the classpath using "-cp" or "-classpath" switch. It is also known as Application classloader.

12) Is Empty .java file name a valid source file name?

Yes, Java allows to save our java file by .java only, we need to compile it by javac .java and run by java classname Let's take a simple example:

1. //save by .java only  
2. class A{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. System.out.println("Hello java");  
5. }  
6. }  
7. //compile by javac .java  
8. //run by     java A  

compile it by javac .java

run it by java A

13) Is delete, next, main, exit or null keyword in java?

No.

14) If I don't provide any arguments on the command line, then what will the value stored in the String array passed into the main() method, empty or NULL?

It is empty, but not null.

15) What if I write static public void instead of public static void?

The program compiles and runs correctly because the order of specifiers doesn't matter in Java.

16) What is the default value of the local variables?

The local variables are not initialized to any default value, neither primitives nor object references.

17) What are the various access specifiers in Java?

In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope of the method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given below.

• Public The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be accessed by any class or method.
• Protected Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the sub-class of this class, or within the same class.
• Default Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes, methods, and variables are of default scope.
• Private The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed within the class only.

18) What is the purpose of static methods and variables?

The methods or variables defined as static are shared among all the objects of the class. The static is the part of the class and not of the object. The static variables are stored in the class area, and we do not need to create the object to access such variables. Therefore, static is used in the case, where we need to define variables or methods which are common to all the objects of the class.

For example, In the class simulating the collection of the students in a college, the name of the college is the common attribute to all the students. Therefore, the college name will be defined as static.

19) What are the advantages of Packages in Java?

There are various advantages of defining packages in Java.

• Packages avoid the name clashes.
• The Package provides easier access control.
• We can also have the hidden classes that are not visible outside and used by the package.
• It is easier to locate the related classes.

20) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     public static void main (String args[])   
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println(10 + 20 + "Javatpoint");   
6.         System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 + 20);  
7.     }  
8. }  

The output of the above code will be

30Javatpoint
Javatpoint1020

Explanation

In the first case, 10 and 20 are treated as numbers and added to be 30. Now, their sum 30 is treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint. Therefore, the output will be 30Javatpoint.

In the second case, the string Javatpoint is concatenated with 10 to be the string Javatpoint10 which will then be concatenated with 20 to be Javatpoint1020.

21) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     public static void main (String args[])   
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println(10 * 20 + "Javatpoint");   
6.         System.out.println("Javatpoint" + 10 * 20);  
7.     }  
8. }  

The output of the above code will be

200Javatpoint
Javatpoint200

Explanation

In the first case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first and then the result 200 is treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpoint to produce the output 200Javatpoint.

In the second case, The numbers 10 and 20 will be multiplied first to be 200 because the precedence of the multiplication is higher than addition. The result 200 will be treated as the string and concatenated with the string Javatpointto produce the output as Javatpoint200.

22) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     public static void main (String args[])   
4.     {  
5.         for(int i=0; 0; i++)   
6.         {  
7.             System.out.println("Hello Javatpoint");  
8.         }  
9.     }  
10. }  

The above code will give the compile-time error because the for loop demands a boolean value in the second part and we are providing an integer value, i.e., 0.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Initial OOPs Interview Questions

There is given more than 50 OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming and System) interview questions. However, they have been categorized in many sections such as constructor interview questions, static interview questions, Inheritance Interview questions, Abstraction interview question, Polymorphism interview questions, etc. for better understanding.

23) What is object-oriented paradigm?

It is a programming paradigm based on objects having data and methods defined in the class to which it belongs. Object-oriented paradigm aims to incorporate the advantages of modularity and reusability. Objects are the instances of classes which interacts with one another to design applications and programs. There are the following features of the object-oriented paradigm.

• Follows the bottom-up approach in program design.
• Focus on data with methods to operate upon the object's data
• Includes the concept like Encapsulation and abstraction which hides the complexities from the user and show only functionality.
• Implements the real-time approach like inheritance, abstraction, etc.
• The examples of the object-oriented paradigm are C++, Simula, Smalltalk, Python, C#, etc.

24) What is an object?

The Object is the real-time entity having some state and behavior. In Java, Object is an instance of the class having the instance variables as the state of the object and the methods as the behavior of the object. The object of a class can be created by using the new keyword.

25) What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-based programming language?

There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and object-based language.

• Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-based language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance and polymorphism.
• Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based languages have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object.
• Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the examples of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.

26) What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance variable?

All object references are initialized to null in Java.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Constructor Interview Questions

27) What is the constructor?

The constructor can be defined as the special type of method that is used to initialize the state of an object. It is invoked when the class is instantiated, and the memory is allocated for the object. Every time, an object is created using the new keyword, the default constructor of the class is called. The name of the constructor must be similar to the class name. The constructor must not have an explicit return type.

28) How many types of constructors are used in Java?

Based on the parameters passed in the constructors, there are two types of constructors in Java.

• Default Constructor: default constructor is the one which does not accept any value. The default constructor is mainly used to initialize the instance variable with the default values. It can also be used for performing some useful task on object creation. A default constructor is invoked implicitly by the compiler if there is no constructor defined in the class.
• Parameterized Constructor: The parameterized constructor is the one which can initialize the instance variables with the given values. In other words, we can say that the constructors which can accept the arguments are called parameterized constructors.

29) What is the purpose of a default constructor?

The purpose of the default constructor is to assign the default value to the objects. The java compiler creates a default constructor implicitly if there is no constructor in the class.

1. class Student3{  
2. int id;  
3. String name;  
4.   
5. void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}  
6.   
7. public static void main(String args[]){  
8. Student3 s1=new Student3();  
9. Student3 s2=new Student3();  
10. s1.display();  
11. s2.display();  
12. }  
13. }  

Output:

0 null
0 null

Explanation: In the above class, you are not creating any constructor, so compiler provides you a default constructor. Here 0 and null values are provided by default constructor.

30) Does constructor return any value?

Ans: yes, The constructor implicitly returns the current instance of the class (You can't use an explicit return type with the constructor).

31)Is constructor inherited?

No, The constructor is not inherited.

32) Can you make a constructor final?

No, the constructor can't be final.

33) Can we overload the constructors?

Yes, the constructors can be overloaded by changing the number of arguments accepted by the constructor or by changing the data type of the parameters. Consider the following example.

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     int i;   
4.     public Test(int k)  
5.     {  
6.         i=k;  
7.     }  
8.     public Test(int k, int m)  
9.     {  
10.         System.out.println("Hi I am assigning the value max(k, m) to i");  
11.         if(k>m)  
12.         {  
13.             i=k;   
14.         }  
15.         else   
16.         {  
17.             i=m;  
18.         }  
19.     }  
20. }  
21. public class Main   
22. {  
23.     public static void main (String args[])   
24.     {  
25.         Test test1 = new Test(10);  
26.         Test test2 = new Test(12, 15);  
27.         System.out.println(test1.i);  
28.         System.out.println(test2.i);  
29.     }  
30. }  
31.       

In the above program, The constructor Test is overloaded with another constructor. In the first call to the constructor, The constructor with one argument is called, and i will be initialized with the value 10. However, In the second call to the constructor, The constructor with the 2 arguments is called, and i will be initialized with the value 15.

34) What do you understand by copy constructor in Java?

There is no copy constructor in java. However, we can copy the values from one object to another like copy constructor in C++.

There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

• By constructor
• By assigning the values of one object into another
• By clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java constructor.

1. //Java program to initialize the values from one object to another  
2. class Student6{  
3.     int id;  
4.     String name;  
5.     //constructor to initialize integer and string  
6.     Student6(int i,String n){  
7.     id = i;  
8.     name = n;  
9.     }  
10.     //constructor to initialize another object  
11.     Student6(Student6 s){  
12.     id = s.id;  
13.     name =s.name;  
14.     }  
15.     void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}  
16.    
17.     public static void main(String args[]){  
18.     Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");  
19.     Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);  
20.     s1.display();  
21.     s2.display();  
22.    }  
23. }  

Output:

111 Karan
111 Karan

35) What are the differences between the constructors and methods?

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below.

36) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. public class Test   
2. {  
3.     Test(int a, int b)  
4.     {  
5.         System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);  
6.     }  
7.     Test(int a, float b)  
8.     {  
9.         System.out.println("a = "+a+" b = "+b);  
10.     }  
11.     public static void main (String args[])  
12.     {  
13.         byte a = 10;   
14.         byte b = 15;  
15.         Test test = new Test(a,b);  
16.     }  
17. }  

The output of the following program is:

a = 10 b = 15

Here, the data type of the variables a and b, i.e., byte gets promoted to int, and the first parameterized constructor with the two integer parameters is called.

37) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     int i;   
4. }  
5. public class Main   
6. {  
7.     public static void main (String args[])   
8.     {  
9.         Test test = new Test();   
10.         System.out.println(test.i);  
11.     }  
12. }  

The output of the program is 0 because the variable i is initialized to 0 internally. As we know that a default constructor is invoked implicitly if there is no constructor in the class, the variable i is initialized to 0 since there is no constructor in the class.

38) What is the output of the following Java program?

1. class Test   
2. {  
3.     int test_a, test_b;  
4.     Test(int a, int b)   
5.     {  
6.     test_a = a;   
7.     test_b = b;   
8.     }  
9.     public static void main (String args[])   
10.     {  
11.         Test test = new Test();   
12.         System.out.println(test.test_a+" "+test.test_b);  
13.     }  
14. }  

There is a compiler error in the program because there is a call to the default constructor in the main method which is not present in the class. However, there is only one parameterized constructor in the class Test. Therefore, no default constructor is invoked by the constructor implicitly.

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: static keyword Interview Questions

39) What is the static variable?

The static variable is used to refer to the common property of all objects (that is not unique for each object), e.g., The company name of employees, college name of students, etc. Static variable gets memory only once in the class area at the time of class loading. Using a static variable makes your program more memory efficient (it saves memory). Static variable belongs to the class rather than the object.

1. //Program of static variable  
2.   
3. class Student8{  
4.    int rollno;  
5.    String name;  
6.    static String college ="ITS";  
7.      
8.    Student8(int r,String n){  
9.    rollno = r;  
10.    name = n;  
11.    }  
12.  void display (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}  
13.   
14.  public static void main(String args[]){  
15.  Student8 s1 = new Student8(111,"Karan");  
16.  Student8 s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");  
17.    
18.  s1.display();  
19.  s2.display();  
20.  }  
21. }  

Output:111 Karan ITS 222 Aryan ITS

40) What is the static method?

• A static method belongs to the class rather than the object.
• There is no need to create the object to call the static methods.
• A static method can access and change the value of the static variable.

41) What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static methods?

Two main restrictions are applied to the static methods.

• The static method can not use non-static data member or call the non-static method directly.
• this and super cannot be used in static context as they are non-static.

42) Why is the main method static?

Because the object is not required to call the static method. If we make the main method non-static, JVM will have to create its object first and then call main() method which will lead to the extra memory allocation. 

43) Can we override the static methods?

No, we can't override static methods.

44) What is the static block?

Static block is used to initialize the static data member. It is executed before the main method, at the time of classloading.

1. class A2{  
2.   static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}  
3.   public static void main(String args[]){  
4.    System.out.println("Hello main");  
5.   }  
6. }  

Output: static block is invoked Hello main

45) Can we execute a program without main() method?

Ans) Yes, one of the ways to execute the program without the main method is using static block.

46) What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?

Program compiles. However, at runtime, It throws an error "NoSuchMethodError."

47) What is the difference between static (class) method and instance method?

48) Can we make constructors static?

As we know that the static context (method, block, or variable) belongs to the class, not the object. Since Constructors are invoked only when the object is created, there is no sense to make the constructors static. However, if you try to do so, the compiler will show the compiler error.

49) Can we make the abstract methods static in Java?

In Java, if we make the abstract methods static, It will become the part of the class, and we can directly call it which is unnecessary. Calling an undefined method is completely useless therefore it is not allowed.

50) Can we declare the static variables and methods in an abstract class?

Yes, we can declare static variables and methods in an abstract method. As we know that there is no requirement to make the object to access the static context, therefore, we can access the static context declared inside the abstract class by using the name of the abstract class. Consider the following example.

1. abstract class Test  
2. {  
3.     static int i = 102;  
4.     static void TestMethod()  
5.     {  
6.         System.out.println("hi !! I am good !!");  
7.     }  
8. }  
9. public class TestClass extends Test   
10. {  
11.     public static void main (String args[])  
12.     {  
13.         Test.TestMethod();  
14.         System.out.println("i = "+Test.i);  
15.     }  
16. }  

Output

hi !! I am good !!
i = 102

Core Java - OOPs Concepts: Inheritance Interview Questions

51) What is this keyword in java?

The this keyword is a reference variable that refers to the current object. There are the various uses of this keyword in Java. It can be used to refer to current class properties such as instance methods, variable, constructors, etc. It can also be passed as an argument into the methods or constructors. It can also be returned from the method as the current class instance.

52) What are the main uses of this keyword?

There are the following uses of this keyword.

• this can be used to refer to the current class instance variable.
• this can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)
• this() can be used to invoke the current class constructor.
• this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
•  
• this can be passed as an argument in the constructor call.
• this can be used to return the current class instance from the method.

53) Can we assign the reference to this variable?

No, this cannot be assigned to any value because it always points to the current class object and this is the final reference in Java. However, if we try to do so, the compiler error will be shown. Consider the following example.

1. public class Test  
2. {  
3.     public Test()  
4.     {  
5.         this = null;   
6.         System.out.println("Test class constructor called");  
7.     }  
8.     public static void main (String args[])  
9.     {  
10.         Test t = new Test();  
11.     }  
12. }  

Output

Test.java:5: error: cannot assign a value to final variable this
        this = null; 
        ^
1 error

54) Can this keyword be used to refer static members?

Yes, It is possible to use this keyword to refer static members because this is just a reference variable which refers to the current class object. However, as we know that, it is unnecessary to access static variables through objects, therefore, it is not the best practice to use this to refer static members. Consider the following example.

1. public class Test   
2. {  
3.     static int i = 10;   
4.     public Test ()  
5.     {  
6.         System.out.println(this.i);      
7.     }  
8.     public static void main (String args[])  
9.     {  
10.         Test t = new Test();  
11.     }  
12. }  

Output

10

55) How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?

Constructor chaining enables us to call one constructor from another constructor of the class with respect to the current class object. We can use this keyword to perform constructor chaining within the same class. Consider the following example which illustrates how can we use this keyword to achieve constructor chaining.

1. public class Employee  
2. {  
3.     int id,age;   
4.     String name, address;  
5.     public Employee (int age)  
6.     {  
7.         this.age = age;  
8.     }  
9.     public Employee(int id, int age)  
10.     {  
11.         this(age);  
12.         this.id = id;  
13.     }  
14.     public Employee(int id, int age, String name, String address)  
15.     {  
16.         this(id, age);  
17.         this.name = name;   
18.         this.address = address;   
19.     }  
20.     public static void main (String args[])  
21.     {  
22.         Employee emp = new Employee(105, 22, "Vikas", "Delhi");  
23.         System.out.println("ID: "+emp.id+" Name:"+emp.name+" age:"+emp.age+" address: "+emp.address);  
24.     }  
25.       
26. }  

Output

ID: 105 Name:Vikas age:22 address: Delhi

56) What are the advantages of passing this into a method instead of the current class object itself?

As we know, that this refers to the current class object, therefore, it must be similar to the current class object. However, there can be two main advantages of passing this into a method instead of the current class object.

• this is a final variable. Therefore, this cannot be assigned to any new value whereas the current class object might not be final and can be changed.
• this can be used in the synchronized block.

57) What is the Inheritance?

Inheritance is a mechanism by which one object acquires all the properties and behavior of another object of another class. It is used for Code Reusability and Method Overriding. The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields of the parent class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class also. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship which is also known as a parent-child relationship.

There are five types of inheritance in Java.

• Single-level inheritance
• Multi-level inheritance
• Multiple Inheritance
• Hierarchical Inheritance
• Hybrid Inheritance

Multiple inheritance is not supported in Java through class.

58) Why is Inheritance used in Java?

There are various advantages of using inheritance in Java that is given below.

• Inheritance provides code reusability. The derived class does not need to redefine the method of base class unless it needs to provide the specific implementation of the method.
• Runtime polymorphism cannot be achieved without using inheritance.
• We can simulate the inheritance of classes with the real-time objects which makes OOPs more realistic.
• Inheritance provides data hiding. The base class can hide some data from the derived class by making it private.
• Method overriding cannot be achieved without inheritance. By method overriding, we can give a specific implementation of some basic method contained by the base class.

59) Which class is the superclass for all the classes?

The object class is the superclass of all other classes in Java.